Poster un message

[1] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change : Impacts Assessment of Climate Change, Report of Working Group II (1990), Oceans and coastal zones.

[2] Kathy Marks, ‘1,000 flee as sea begins to swallow New Guinea islands’ nzherald.co.nz (Online, 29/11/2000).

[3] Jane McAdam, Climate Change Displacement and International Law : Complementary Protection Standards, Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, PPLA/2011/03 (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Division of International Protection, May 2011), 6.2.5 Relocation.

[4] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (n 1) 2.8.4.

[5] United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States, ’List of Small Island Developing States (SIDS)’ (Web Page).

[6] Michalis I. Vousdoukas et al, ’Small Island Developing States under threat by rising seas even in a 1.5 °C warming world’, (2023) Nature Sustainability.

[7] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ’Chapter 15 : Small Islands’ in Climate Change 2022 : Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2022).

[8] Ibid.

[9] Ibid.

[10] John Connell, ’Vulnerable Islands : Climate Change, Tectonic Change, and Changing Livelihoods in the Western Pacific’ (2015) 27(1) The Contemporary Pacific.

[11] Alex Chapman et al, Climate Risk Country Profile : Nauru (World Bank Group, 2021).

[12] Alex Chapman et al, Climate Risk Country Profile : Maldives (World Bank Group and Asian Development Bank, 2021).

[13] Alex Chapman et al, Climate Risk Country Profile : Kiribati (World Bank Group, 2021).

[14] Alex Chapman et al, Climate Risk Country Profile : Tuvalu (World Bank Group, 2021).

[15] Alex Chapman et al, Climate Risk Country Profile : Marshall Islands (World Bank Group, 2021).

[16] John Connell (n 10), page 2.

[17] Kirsty Needham and Loren Elliott, ‘Rising sea levels are forcing Fiji’s villagers to relocate. They want polluters to pay instead’ Reuters (Online, 01/08/2022).

[18] Nicola Smith, ‘These islands are being slowly swallowed by the sea – it’s a warning to the world’ The Telegraph (Online, 11/05/2023).

[19] Lisa Maillard et al, Evaluating the Impacts of Sea Level Rise and Storm Surges on Seychelles’ Critical Infrastructure : Summary for Policy Makers (2020, University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability).

[20] Todd Woody and Geric Cruz, ‘How an Ancient Island Culture Copes With Climate Change’ Bloomberg (Online, 17/11/2022).

[21] Owen Mulhern, ‘Sea Level Rise Projection Map – Tonga’ earth.org (Online, 06/08/2020).

[22] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (n 1), Page 2-21.

[23] Katherine Purvis, ‘Sinking states : the islands facing the effects of climate change’ The Guardian (Online, 14/02/2016).

[24] Nemat Sadat, ‘Small Islands, Rising Seas’ UN Chronicle (Online, 2016).

[25] Derek Wong, ‘Sovereignty sunk ? The position of ‘sinking states’ at international law’ (2013) Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol 14.

[26] Nemat Sadat (n 24).

[27] Robert Oakes, Andrea Milan and Jillian Campbell, Kiribati : climate change and migration relationships between household vulnerability, human mobility and climate change, Report N°20, November 2016, United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS).

[28] Rhona Smith, ‘A guide to the Geneva Convention for beginners, dummies and newly elected world leaders’ The Conversation (Online, 31/01/2017).

[29] Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 28 July 1951, 189 UNTS 137 (entered into force 22 April 1954) ; Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature 31 January 1967, 606 UNTS 267 (entered into force 4 October 1967)

[30] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, GA Res 217A (III), UN GAOR, 3rd sess, 183rd plen mtg, UN Doc A/RES/217(III) (10 December 1948).

[31] Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (n 29) introductory note by the office of the UNHCR.
Szymon Kucharski, ‘Limited Success : Reflections on the Falepili Union Treaty’ VerfBlog (Online, 21/11/2023).

[32] John Vidal, ‘Global warming could create 150 million ’climate refugees’ by 2050’ The Guardian (Online, 03/11/2009).

[33] Szymon Kucharski, (n 32).

[34] Enele Sopoaga, ‘Australia-Tuvalu falepili union ’shameful’ - former Tuvalu PM’ RNZ (Online, 27/11/2023).

[35] Jane McAdam, ‘We aren’t refugees’ Inside Story (Online, 30/06/2009).

[36] Ibid.

[37] Becky Alexis-Martin et, al, ‘How to save a sinking island nation’ BBC (Online, 15/08/2019).

[38] Jane McAdam, (n 36).

[39] Taukiei Kitara and Carol Farbotko, ‘This is not Climate Justice : The Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union’ Toda Peace Institute (Online, 13/11/2023).

[40] Colin Packham and Karishma Singh, ‘Tuvalu minister stands in sea to film COP26 speech to show climate change’ Reuters (Online, 09/11/2021).

[41] Kirsty Needham ‘Australia signs security, migration pact with Pacific’s Tuvalu’ Reuters (Online, 10/11/2023).

[42] Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, ’Pacific Islands Forum’ United Nations (Web Page, 2023).

[43] Agreement Establishing the Pacific Islands Forum (2005), Article III The Forum Leaders’ Meeting.

[44] Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, ’Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union’ Australian Government (Web Page, 2023).

[45] Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, ’Joint Statement on the Falepili Union between Tuvalu and Australia’ Australian Government (Web Page, 2023).

[46] Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, (n 45).

[47] Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union treaty (10/11/2023), preambule.

[48] Ibid.

[49] Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union treaty (n 48) Article 4 : Cooperation for security and stability

[50] Ben Westcott, ‘Australia Signs Historic Climate Refuge and Security Pact With Tuvalu’ Reuters (Online, 10/11/2023).

[51] Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union treaty (n 48) Article 2 : Climate cooperation.

[52] Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, (n 46).

[53] Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, ’Development Assistance in Tuvalu’ Australian Government (Web Page, 2023).

[54] Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union treaty (n 48), Article 2, b : ‘the statehood and sovereignty of Tuvalu will continue, and the rights and duties inherent thereto will be maintained, notwithstanding the impact of climate change-related sea-level rise ;’

[55] Australia-Tuvalu Falepili Union treaty (n 48), Article 3.

[56] Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, (n 46).

[57] Immigration New Zealand, ’Pacific Access Category’ New Zealand Government (Web Page, 21/01/2023).

[58] Prime Minister of Australia, ’Strengthening Regional Ties through the Pacific Islands Forum’ Australian Government (Media release, 10/11/2023).

[59] Szymon Kucharski, (n 32).

[60] Ibid.

[61] Becky Alexis-Martin et, al, (n 38).

[62] Szymon Kucharski, (n 32).

[63] Enele Sopoaga (n 35).

[64] Taukiei Kitara and Carol Farbotko, ‘Tuvalu, Australia, and the Falepili Union’ Australian Institute of International Affairs (Online, 24/11/2023).

[65] Ibid.

[66] Natalie Sauer, ‘‘Imperialist’ citizenship idea sparks spat between Australia and Pacific islanders’ Climate Home News (Online, 18/02/2019).

[67] Szymon Kucharski, (n 32).

[68] Stephen Dziedzic and Lice Movono, ‘Kiribati President reluctant for same agreement with Australia as climate change resettlement deal struck with Tuvalu’ ABC NEWS (Online, 12/11/2023).

[69] Stephen Dziedzic and Lice Movono, ‘Kiribati President reluctant for same agreement with Australia as climate change resettlement deal struck with Tuvalu’ ABC NEWS (Online, 12/11/2023).